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Journal of Biological Rhythms, Vol. 23, No. 3, 232-241 (2008)
DOI: 10.1177/0748730408316954

The Development of Day-Night Differences in Sleep and Wakefulness in Norway Rats and the Effect of Bilateral Enucleation

Andrew J. Gall

Program in Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Iowa, Iowa City

William D. Todd

Program in Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Iowa, Iowa City

Baisali Ray

Program in Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Iowa, Iowa City

Cassandra M. Coleman

Program in Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Iowa, Iowa City

Mark S. Blumberg

Program in Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, mark-blumberg{at}uiowa.edu

The suprachiasmatic nucleus exhibits circadian rhythmicity in fetal and infant rats, but little is known about the consequences of this rhythmicity for infant behavior. Here, in experiment 1, the authors measured sleep and wakefulness in rats during the day and night in postnatal day (P)2, P8, P15, and P21 subjects. As early as P2, day-night differences in sleep-wake activity were detected. Nocturnal wakefulness began to emerge around P15 and was reliably expressed by P21. The authors hypothesized that the process of photic entrainment over the 1st postnatal week, which depends on the development of connectivity between the retinohypothalamic tract (RHT) and the SCN, influences the later emergence of nocturnal wakefulness. To test this hypothesis, in experiment 2 infant rats were enucleated bilaterally at P3 and P11, that is, before and after photic entrainment. Whereas pups enucleated at P11 and tested at P21 exhibited increased wakefulness at night, identical to sham controls, pups enucleated at P3 and tested at P21 exhibited the opposite pattern of increased wakefulness during the day. Pups tested at P28 and P35 exhibited this same pattern of increased daytime wakefulness. All together, these results suggest that prenatal and postnatal experience modulates the development of species-typical circadian sleep-wake patterns. Moreover, the authors suggest that visual system stimulation, via the RHT's connections with the SCN, exerts an organizational influence on the developing circadian system and, consequently, contributes to the emergence of nocturnality in this species.

Key Words: circadian rhythm • nocturnal • diurnal • EMG • development • retinohypothalamic tract • suprachiasmatic nucleus


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