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SCN Outputs and the Hypothalamic Balance of Life
A. Kalsbeek
Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, a.kalsbeek{at}nin.knaw.nl
I. F. Palm
Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
S. E. La Fleur
Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, Utrecht, the Netherlands
F. A. J. L. Scheer
Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, Division of Sleep Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
S. Perreau-Lenz
Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, Department of Psychopharmacology, CIMH, Mannheim, Germany
M. Ruiter
Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, Washington State University, Program in Neuroscience, Pullman, Washington
F. Kreier
Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
C. Cailotto
Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
R. M. Buijs
Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, Universidad Veracruzana, Jalapa, Mexico
The circadian clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is composed of thousands of oscillator neurons, each dependent on the cell-autonomous action of a defined set of circadian clock genes. Still, the major question remains how these individual oscillators are organized into a biological clock producing a coherent output able to time all the different daily changes in behavior and physiology. In the present review, the authors discuss the anatomical connections and neurotransmitters used by the SCN to control the daily rhythms in hormone release. The efferent SCN projections mainly target neurons in the medial hypothalamus surrounding the SCN. The activity of these preautonomic and neuroendocrine target neurons is controlled by differentially timed waves of, among others, vasopressin, GABA, and glutamate release from SCN terminals. Together, the data on the SCN control of neuroendocrine rhythms provide clear evidence not only that the SCN consists of phenotypically (i.e., according to neurotransmitter content) different subpopulations of neurons but also that subpopulations should be distinguished (within phenotypically similar groups of neurons) based on the acrophase of their (electrical) activity. Moreover, the specialization of the SCN may go as far as a single body structure, that is, the SCN seems to contain neurons that specifically target the liver, pineal, and adrenal.
Key Words: GABA • glutamate • vasopressin • melatonin • glucose • corticosterone
Journal of Biological Rhythms, Vol. 21, No. 6,
458-469 (2006)
DOI: 10.1177/0748730406293854
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