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Nasal versus Temporal Illumination of the Human Retina: Effects on Core Body Temperature, Melatonin, and Circadian Phase

Department of Behavioral Biology, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 14, Kerklaan 30, 9750 AA Haren, the Netherlands;m.ruger{at}biol.rug.nl

Marijke C. M. Gordijn

Domien G. M. Beersma

Bonnie de Vries

Serge Daan

Department of Behavioral Biology, University of Groningen, the Netherlands

The mammalian retina contains both visual and circadian photoreceptors. In humans, nocturnal stimulation of the latter receptors leads to melatonin suppression, which might cause reduced nighttime sleepiness. Melatonin suppression is maximal when the nasal part of the retina is illuminated. Whether circadian phase shifting in humans is due to the same photoreceptors is not known. The authors explore whether phase shifts and melatonin suppression depend on the same retinal area. Twelve healthy subjects participated in a within-subjects design and received all of 3 light conditions—1) 10 lux of dim light on the whole retina, 2) 100 lux of ocular light on the nasal part of the retina, and 3) 100 lux of ocular light on the temporal part of the retina—on separate nights in random order. In all 3 conditions, pupils were dilated before and during light exposure. The protocol consisted of an adaptation night followed by a 23-h period of sustained wakefulness, during which a 4-h light pulse was presented at a time when maximal phase delays were expected. Nasal illumination resulted in an immediate suppression of melatonin but had no effect on subjective sleepiness or core body temperature (CBT). Nasal illumination delayed the subsequent melatonin rhythm by 78 min, which is significantly (p= 0.016) more than the delay drift in the dim-light condition (38 min), but had no detectable phase-shifting effect on the CBT rhythm. Temporal illumination suppressed melatonin less than the nasal illumination and had no effect on subjective sleepiness and CBT. Temporal illumination delayed neither the melatonin rhythm nor the CBT rhythm. The data show that the suppression of melatonin does not necessarily result in a reduction of subjective sleepiness and an elevation ofCBT. In addition, 100 lux of bright white light is strong enough to affect the photoreceptors responsible for the suppression of melatonin but not strong enough to have a significant effect on sleepiness and CBT. This may be due to the larger variability of the latter variables.

Key Words: human circadian photoreceptors • nasal illumination • temporal illumination • immediate effects • phase-shifting effects • melatonin • core body temperature • sleepiness

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