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Gates and Oscillators: A Network Model of the Brain Clock
Michael C. Antle
Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York
Duncan K. Foley
Department of Economics, Graduate Faculty, New School University, New York
Nicholas C. Foley
College of Literature, Science and the Arts, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
Rae Silver
Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, Department of Psychology, Barnard College and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, qr{at}columbia.edu
The suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) control circadian oscillations of physiology and behavior. Measurements of electrical activity and of gene expression indicate that these heterogeneous structures are composed of both rhythmic and nonrhythmic cells. A fundamental question with regard to the organization of the circadian system is how the SCN achieve a coherent output while their constituent independent cellular oscillators express a wide range of periods. Previously, the consensus output of individual oscillators had been attributed to coupling among cells. The authors propose a model that incorporates nonrhythmic "gate" cells and rhythmic oscillator cells with a wide range of periods, that neither requires nor excludes a role for interoscillator coupling. The gate provides daily input to oscillator cells and is in turn regulated (directly or indirectly) by the oscillator cells. In the authors' model, individual oscillators with initial random phases are able to self-assemble so as to maintain cohesive rhythmic output. In this view, SCN circuits are important for self-sustained oscillation, and their network properties distinguish these nuclei from other tissues that rhythmically express clock genes. The model explains how individual SCN cells oscillate independently and yet work together to produce a coherent rhythm.
Key Words: zeitgeber • zeitnehmer • coupling • SCN • oscillator • synchronization • amplitude
Journal of Biological Rhythms, Vol. 18, No. 4,
339-350 (2003)
DOI: 10.1177/0748730403253840
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