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Journal of Biological Rhythms
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A Forced Desynchrony Study of Circadian Pacemaker Characteristics in Seasonal Affective Disorder

Kathelijne M. Koorengevel

Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands

Domien G. M. Beersma

Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Zoological Laboratory, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Zoological Laboratory, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 14, 9750 AA Haren, the Netherlands; d.g.m.beersma{at}biol.rug.nl

Johan A. den Boer

Rutger H. van den Hoofdakker

Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands

The circadian pacemaker is an endogenous clock that regulates oscillations in most physiological and psychological processes with a near 24-h period. In many species, this pacemaker triggers seasonal changes in behavior. The seasonality of symptoms and the efficacy of light therapy suggest involvement of the circadian pacemaker in seasonal affective disorder (SAD), winter type. In this study, circadian pacemaker characteristics of SAD patients were compared with those of controls. Seven SAD patients and matched controls were subjected to a 120-h forced desynchrony protocol, in which core body temperature and melatonin secretion profiles were measured for the characterization of circadian pacemaker parameters. During this protocol, which enables the study of unmasked circadian pacemaker characteristics, subjects were exposed to six 20-h days in time isolation. Patients participated twice in winter (while depressed and while remitted after light therapy) and once in summer. Controls participated once in winter and once in summer. Between the SAD patients and controls, no significant differences were observed in the melatonin-derived period or in the phase of the endogenous circadian temperature rhythm. The amplitude of this rhythm was significantly smaller in depressed and remitted SAD patients than in controls. No abnormalities of the circadian pacemaker were observed in SAD patients. Adisturbance in thermoregulatory processes might explain the smaller circadian temperature amplitude in SAD patients during winter.

Key Words: seasonal affective disorder • circadian pacemaker • circadian rhythms • core body temperature • melatonin • forced desynchrony

Journal of Biological Rhythms, Vol. 17, No. 5, 463-475 (2002)
DOI: 10.1177/074873002237140
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