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Behavioral Rhythmicity, Age, Division of Labor and period Expression in the Honey Bee Brain
Guy Bloch
Department of Entomology, University of Illinois, 320 Morrill Hall, 505 S. Goodwin Ave., Urbana, IL 61801, USAguybloch{at}life.uiuc.edu
Dan P. Toma
Department of Ecology, Ethology, and Evolution, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; The Neurosciences Institute, 10640 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, CA 92121.
Gene E. Robinson
Department of Entomology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
Young adult honey bees work inside the beehive "nursing" brood around the clock with no circadian rhythms; older bees forage for nectar and pollen outside with strong circadian rhythms. Previous research has shown that the development of an endogenous rhythm of activity is also seen in the laboratory in a constant environment. Newly emerging bees maintained in isolation are typically arrhythmic during the first few days of adult life and develop strong circadian rhythms by about a few days of age. In addition, average daily levels of period (per) mRNA in the brain are higher in foragers or forager-age bees (> 21 days of age) relative to young nest bees (~ 7 days of age). The authors used social manipulations to uncouple behavioral rhythmicity, age, and task to determine the relationship between these factors and per. There was no obligate link between average daily levels of per brain mRNA and either behavioral rhythmicity or age. There also were no differences in per brain mRNA levels between nurse bees and foragers in social environments that promote precocious or reversed behavioral development. Nurses and other hive-age bees can have high or low levels of per mRNAlevels in the brain, depending on the social environment, while foragers and foraging-age bees always have high levels. These findings suggest a link between honey bee foraging behavior and per up-regulation. Results also suggest task-related differences in the amplitude of per mRNA oscillation in the brain, with foragers having larger diurnal fluctuation in per than nurses, regardless of age. Taken together, these results suggest that social factors may exert potent influences on the regulation of clock genes.
Key Words: social behavior • circadian rhythms • biological clock • period gene • division of labor • honey bee • social environment
Journal of Biological Rhythms, Vol. 16, No. 5,
444-456 (2001)
DOI: 10.1177/074873001129002123
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