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Circadian Photoreception in Drosophila: Functions of Cryptochrome in Peripheral and Central Clocks
Maria Ivanchenko
Department of Entomology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
Ralf Stanewsky
Institut fuer Zoologie, Lehrstuhl fuer Entwicklungsbiologie, Universität Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
Jadwiga M. Giebultowicz
Department of Entomology, Oregon State University, 2046 Cordley Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; giebultj{at}bcc.orst.edu
In Drosophila melanogaster, disruption of night by even short light exposures results in degradation of the clock protein TIMELESS (TIM), leading to shifts in the fly molecular and behavioral rhythms. Several lines of evidence indicate that light entrainment of the brain clock involves the blue-light photoreceptor cryptochrome (CRY). In cryptochrome-depleted Drosophila (cryb), the entrainment of the brain clock by short light pulses is impaired but the clock is still entrainable by light-dark cycles, probably due to light input from the visual system. Whether cryptochrome and visual transduction pathways play a role in entrainment of noninnervated, directly photosensitive peripheral clocks is not known and the subject of this study. The authors monitored levels of the clock protein TIM in the lateral neurons (LNs) of larval brains and in the renal Malpighian tubules (MTs) of flies mutant for the cryptochromegene (cryb) and in mutants that lack signaling from the visual photopigments (norpAP41). In crybflies, light applied during the dark period failed to induce degradation of TIM both in MTs and in LNs, yet attenuated cycling of TIM was observed in both tissues in LD. This cycling was abolished in LNs, but persisted in MTs, of norpAP41;cryb double mutants. Furthermore, the activity of the tim gene in the MTs of cryb flies, reported by luciferase, seemed stimulated by lights-on and suppressed by lights-off, suggesting that the absence of functional cryptochrome uncovered an additional light-sensitive pathway synchronizing the expression of TIM in this tissue. In constant darkness, cycling of TIM was abolished in MTs; however, it persisted in LNs of cryb flies. The authors conclude that cryptochrome is involved in TIM-mediated entrainment of both central LN and peripheral MT clocks. Cryptochrome is also an indispensable component of the endogenous clock mechanism in the examined peripheral tissue, but not in the brain. Thus, although neural and epithelial cells share the core clock mechanism, some clock components and light-entrainment pathways appear to have tissue-specific roles.
Key Words: circadian clocks • light entrainment • peripheral organs • cryptochrome • norpA • Malpighian tubules
Journal of Biological Rhythms, Vol. 16, No. 3,
205-215 (2001)
DOI: 10.1177/074873040101600303
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