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Assembling a Clock for All Seasons: Are There M and E Oscillators in the Genes?
S. Daan
Zoological Laboratory, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 14, 9750 AA Haren, the Netherlands
U. Albrecht
Max-Planck-Institute for Experimental Endocrinology, Feodor-Lynen-Strasse 7 30625 Hannover, Germany
G. T.J. Van der Horst
Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, P.O. Box 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam, the Netherlands
H. Illnerová
Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Institute of Physiology, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
T. Roenneberg
Institute for Medical Physiology, University of Munich, Goethestrasse 31, D-80336 München, Germany
T. A. Wehr
Section on Biological Rhythms NIMH, Bldg. 10, Room 3S231, 10 Center Drive MSC 1390 Bethesda, MD 20892-1390, USA
W. J. Schwartz
Department of Neurology, U Mass Medical School, 55 Lake Ave. North, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
The hypothesis is advanced that the circadian pacemaker in the mammalian suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is composed at the molecular level of a nonredundant double complex of circadian genes (per1, cry1, and per2, cry2). Each one of these sets would be sufficient for the maintenance of endogenous rhythmicity and thus constitute an oscillator. Each would have slightly different temporal dynamics and light responses. The per1/cry1 oscillator is accelerated by light and decelerated by darkness and thereby tracks dawn when day length changes. The per2/cry2 oscillator is decelerated by light and accelerated by darkness and thereby tracks dusk. These M (morning) and E (evening) oscillators would give rise to the SCN's neuronal activity in an M and an E component. Suppression of behavioral activity by SCN activity in nocturnal mammals would give rise to adaptive tuning of the endogenous behavioral program to day length. The proposition—which is a specification of Pittendrigh and Daan's E-M oscillator model—yields specific nonintuitive predictions amenable to experimental testing in animals with mutations of circadian genes.
Key Words: evening/morning oscillators • circadian clock genes • pacemaker • photoperiodism • seasonal adjustment
Journal of Biological Rhythms, Vol. 16, No. 2,
105-116 (2001)
DOI: 10.1177/074873001129001809
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