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Relationship between Napping and Melatonin in the Blind
Steven W. Lockley
Chronobiology Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 5XH, United Kingdom
Debra J. Skene
Chronobiology Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 5XH, United Kingdom
Homayoun Tabandeh
Institute of Ophthalmology, Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, EC1 2PD, United Kingdom
Alan C. Bird
Institute of Ophthalmology, Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, EC1 2PD, United Kingdom
Remy Defrance
Institut de Recherches Internationales Servier, Courbevoie, France
Josephine Arendt
Chronobiology Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 5XH, United Kingdom
Daytime sleepiness is a common complaint in blind subjects. Abnor mally timed melatonin has been invoked as a possible cause of both daytime sleepiness and nighttime awakening. In free-running blind individuals, there is an opportunity to assess the relationship between endogenous melatonin rhythms and subjective sleepiness and naps. The aim of this study was to characterize melatonin rhythms and simultaneously to evaluate subjective nap ping. A total of 15 subjects with no conscious light perception (NPL) were studied for 1 month. Prior to the study, sleep disorders were assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Cosinor and regression analysis revealed that 9 of the 15 NPL subjects had free-running 6-sulphatoxymelatonin (aMT6s) rhythms (period [ ] range = 24.34 to 24.79 h), 3 were entrained with an abnormal phase, and 3 were normally entrained. Most of the subjects (13 of 15) had daytime naps; the 2 individuals who did not made conscious efforts not to do so. Subjects with abnormal aMT6s rhythms had more naps of a longer duration than did those with normal rhythms. Free-running nap rhythms occurred only in subjects with free-running aMT6s rhythms. The 2 abnormally entrained subjects who napped did so at times that coincided with high levels of aMT6s (mean aMT6s acrophase [phi] ± SD = 14.30 ± 1.08 h, 20.30 ± 0.62 h; mean nap time ± SD = 14.01 ± 3.60 h, 18.23 ± 3.20 h, respectively). Regardless of aMT6s rhythm abnormality, signifi cantly more naps occurred within a 4-h period before and after the estimated aMT6s acrophase. In 4 free-running subjects, aMT6s acrophase (phi) passed through an entire 24-h period. When aMT6s was in a normal phase position (24:00 to 06:00 h), night-sleep duration tended to increase with a significant reduction in the number and duration of naps. Sleep onset and offset times tended to advance and delay as the aMT6s rhythms advanced and delayed. Our results show a striking relationship between the timing of daytime production of melatonin and the timing of daytime naps. This suggests that abnormally timed endogenous melatonin may induce sleepiness in blind subjects.
Key Words: napping • sleep • melatonin • 6-sulphatoxymelatonin • blindness • human • light perception • circadian rhythms
Journal of Biological Rhythms, Vol. 12, No. 1,
16-25 (1997)
DOI: 10.1177/074873049701200104
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